中药酸味的药性表达及在临证配伍中的应用

对中药五味中"酸"味的概念、功效内涵、来源以及与药性理论的内在联系进行了归纳。阐述应用电子舌仿生技术及化学分析手段进行酸味物质基础研究的思路和模式,提出酸味的表征方式及其物质基础拆分的研究方法,并总结了酸味中药的临床应用与配伍规律,为酸味药性的表达及临床合理应用提供研究思路和理论依据。     

中药资源化学研究与资源循环利用途径及目标任务

中药资源化学研究目的是促进中药及天然药物资源的有效生产、合理利用和产业的提质增效。中医药事业的发展有赖于中药资源的高效利用和可持续发展,有赖于药用生物资源可利用物质、潜在利用价值的发现技术和手段,有赖于中药资源类群中资源性化学成分的多途径、多层次、精细化利用和产业链的有效延伸,从而实现其循环利用的资源化学研究和资源产业健康发展的目的。该文基于中药资源化学的研究思路,将围绕5个方面对中药资源化学与中药资源循环利用途径及目标任务进行论述:立足于资源稀缺性原则,寻找发现或人工生产可替代性资源,保护珍稀濒危物种及自然资源;立足于资源多宜性原则,通过系统性和精细化开发利用,实现资源价值增值和价值补偿,提升资源利用效率;立足于资源节约和环境友好原则,减少资源消耗,促进循环利用,降低资源成本,提升资源利用效益;基于化害为利的资源化策略,研究揭示外来入侵生物资源的药用及多途径利用价值并加以有效利用,转化和丰富我国药物资源体系;基于化学成分结构修饰策略,发掘和提升中药资源性化学物质的利用价值和潜在利用价值。以期为提升中药资源利用效率,推进中药资源循环经济产业发展,从根本上转变中药农业和中药工业的经济增长方式提供参考和借鉴。     

三七总皂苷制剂致类过敏反应的相关机制研究

探究三七总皂苷制剂诱发类过敏反应的病理特点以及致类过敏反应的物质基础。采用小鼠类过敏试验模型,适应性饲养1 d后,将雄性ICR小鼠随机分成5个实验组,分别为空白组、阳性对照组、三七总皂苷制剂低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,一次性静脉注射含0.4%伊文思蓝(EB)的相应受试物,给药30 min后,记录各组动物耳廓蓝染数,进行耳廓蓝染程度评分,并定量测定耳廓EB渗出量。另做2批动物,只给予相应的受试物,30 min后,取外周血和肺脏,用ELISA法检测血清中相关的细胞因子,肺脏HE染色。结果表明,三七总皂苷制剂中、高剂量静脉注射均可引起小鼠耳廓血管通透性增高,耳廓明显蓝染,提示可能有致类过敏的作用。病理结果显示三七总皂苷制剂的类过敏反应与炎症反应密切相关,肥大细胞脱颗粒现象明显。组胺、VEGF以及TNF-α的含量在三七总皂苷制剂中、高剂量时明显升高(P <0.05,P <0.01)且呈现出剂量依赖关系,与耳廓蓝染程度保持一致,而IL-6和IL-10含量在三七总皂苷制剂低、中剂量时没有明显升高,当其增为临床4倍浓度8倍剂量时较空白组均明显升高(P <0.05,P <0.01)。其产生类过敏作用可能与组胺,VEGF,TNF-α有关,但可能当其类过敏程度达到一定高的程度时,IL-6和IL-10才可能在类过敏反应中发挥作用。     

藏药沙棘膏HPLC指纹图谱研究

通过对不同产地藏药沙棘膏的HPLC指纹图谱分析,为沙棘膏的品种鉴定和制备工艺的研究奠定基础.实验使用Agilent zorbax SB-C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30 ℃,检测波长360 nm.建立了15个批次沙棘膏的共有图谱,提取了7个色谱峰作为指纹图谱共有峰,结合对照品对其中的3个色谱峰进行了指认,分别为槲皮素、山柰素、异鼠李素;15批药材中第14批次与对照指纹图谱比较相似度小于0.9,其他批次的相似度均大于0.9.该研究首次采用HPLC建立藏药沙棘膏的指纹图谱,该方法具有良好的精密度、稳定性和重复性,为沙棘膏质量控制和评价提供依据.     

痰热清注射液辅治呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的观察痰热清注射液辅助治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床效果。方法机械通气并发VAP的患者60例,随机分为治疗组及对照组,各30例。2组患者均给予化痰、吸氧、营养支持等基础治疗,并依据下呼吸道分泌物培养结果进行抗生素降阶梯疗法。治疗组在上述治疗的基础上加用痰热清注射液20 m L+5%葡萄糖100 m L静滴,1次/d。对比2组患者治疗前后C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞计数(WBC)变化,并观察2组患者临床感染评分(CPIS)、APACHEⅡ评分改善情况。结果 2组治疗前各项指标比较无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后各项指标较治疗前显著改善(P0.05);治疗组治疗后各项指标均显著低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论痰热清注射液辅助治疗VAP,可缓解患者临床症状,有效控制VAP。     

半夏泻心汤调节胃肠动力的物质基础研究

目的:探讨半夏泻心汤调节胃肠动力的物质基础。方法:正常大鼠、阿托品致胃肠动力障碍大鼠、慢性水浸束缚致胃肠动力障碍大鼠分别ig给予蒸馏水、多潘立酮(0.01 g·kg-1)、半夏泻心汤(2 g·kg-1)、辛开药液(1.5 g·kg-1)、苦降药液(1.5 g·kg-1)、甘补药液(1.5 g·kg-1),连续4 d,通过测定大鼠胃残留率、小肠推进率筛选半夏泻心汤调节胃肠动力的有效药物组分;灌胃蒸馏水、多潘立酮(0.01 g·kg-1)、半夏泻心汤醇沉药液(2 g·kg-1)、半夏泻心汤醇沉水溶药液(2 g·kg-1)、苦降醇沉药液(1.5 g·kg-1)、苦降醇沉水溶药液(1.5 g·kg-1),同法筛选其有效部位。结果:与正常大鼠比较,两种模型大鼠,胃残留率明显上升,小肠推进率明显下降,且均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);在给予不同药液后,两项指标均有不同程度的变化,其中半夏泻心汤能降低阿托品模型大鼠胃残留率,半夏泻心汤醇沉药液、苦降药液和苦降醇沉药液能降低正常大鼠和两种模型大鼠的胃残留率,以上变化均具有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:半夏泻心汤有调节胃肠动力的作用,其有效药物组分主要为苦降药组,其有效部位为苦降药的醇沉部位。     

Immediate memory for “when,where and what”: Short‐delay retrieval using dynamic naturalistic material

We investigated the neural correlates supporting three kinds of memory judgments after very short delays using naturalistic material. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, subjects watched short movie clips, and after a short retention (1.5–2.5 s), made mnemonic judgments about specific aspects of the clips. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with two scenes and required to either choose the scene that happened earlier in the clip (“scene‐chronology”), or with a correct spatial arrangement (“scene‐layout”), or that had been shown (“scene‐recognition”). To segregate activity specific to seen versus unseen stimuli, in Experiment 2 only one probe image was presented (either target or foil). Across the two experiments, we replicated three patterns underlying the three specific forms of memory judgment. The precuneus was activated during temporal‐order retrieval, the superior parietal cortex was activated bilaterally for spatial‐related configuration judgments, whereas the medial frontal cortex during scene recognition. Conjunction analyses with a previous study that used analogous retrieval tasks, but a much longer delay (>1 day), demonstrated that this dissociation pattern is independent of retention delay. We conclude that analogous brain regions mediate task‐specific retrieval across vastly different delays, consistent with the proposal of scale‐invariance in episodic memory retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2495–2513, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Impaired degradation and aberrant phagocytosis of necrotic cell debris in the peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

Aberrant removal of necrotic debris is considered a feature with inflammatory consequences in SLE. Herein, primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients were investigated for the first time for the capacity of their sera to degrade secondary necrotic cell remnants (SNEC) and DNA (endonuclease DNase1 activity), as well as for uptake of SNEC by blood-borne phagocytes. For comparison, specimens from unselected SLE and RA patients and from healthy blood donors (HBD) were also studied. Compared to HBD, the sera from SS and SLE patients studied (but not RA) were found to exhibit significantly impaired capacity for degradation of SNEC (both for p = 0.007) and deficient DNase1 activity (both for p < 0.0001). The deficient DNase1 activity in SS and SLE sera did not owe to decreased DNase1 protein levels. It correlated inversely with increased serum levels of circulating nucleosomes and cell-free DNA (p < 0.0001), as well as with the disease activity indices of SS (r = −0.445, p = 0.0001) and SLE (r = −0.500, p = 0.013). In ex-vivo whole blood analyses, SS and SLE patients (but not RA) also manifested significantly increased SNEC-phagocytosis by monocytes and granulocytes (all for p < 0.0001) that also correlated with disease severity indices of SS (p = 0.001) and SLE (p = 0.01). In various cross-admixture experiments, such aberration was found to reside in the hyperfunctional activity of phagocytes, the impaired degrading activity of serum DNase1 and the SNEC-binding capacity of serum IgG of SS and SLE patients. The sera of SS and SLE patients (but not of RA) induced significant SNEC-phagocytosis by healthy monocytes that correlated inversely with the DNase1 activity (r = −0.634, p < 0.0001) of these sera. In line with this, the inhibition of DNase1 in HBD sera by G-actin was found to lead to significantly diminished SNEC degradation and increased SNEC uptake by healthy phagocytes (p = 0.0009), supporting the important physiologic role of serum DNase1 in the prevention of SNEC-phagocytosis. Purified serum IgG preparations from SS and SLE patients manifested increased binding to SNEC and were able to enhance significantly the engulfment of SNEC by healthy phagocytes both directly (under serum-free conditions, p ≤ 0.009) and via the prevention of physiologic degradation of SNEC by serum, most likely due to their “shielding” against endonuclease digestion (p = 0.0005). These data indicate that upon cell necrosis, the immune system of SS and SLE patients may be overly exposed to the necrotic debris, a fact that probably holds a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune reactions observed in these disorders.     

Ultrastructure of dragonfly wing veins: composite structure of fibrous material supplemented by resilin

Dragonflies count among the most skilful of the flying insects. Their exceptional aerodynamic performance has been the subject of various studies. Morphological and kinematic investigations have showed that dragonfly wings, though being rather stiff, are able to undergo passive deformation during flight, thereby improving the aerodynamic performance. Resilin, a rubber‐like protein, has been suggested to be a key component in insect wing flexibility and deformation in response to aerodynamic loads, and has been reported in various arthropod locomotor systems. It has already been found in wing vein joints, connecting longitudinal veins to cross veins, and was shown to endow the dragonfly wing with chordwise flexibility, thereby most likely influencing the dragonfly's flight performance. The present study revealed that resilin is not only present in wing vein joints, but also in the internal cuticle layers of veins in wings of Sympetrum vulgatum (SV) and Matrona basilaris basilaris (MBB). Combined with other structural features of wing veins, such as number and thickness of cuticle layers, material composition, and cross‐sectional shape, resilin most probably has an effect on the vein′s material properties and the degree of elastic deformations. In order to elucidate the wing vein ultrastructure and the exact localisation of resilin in the internal layers of the vein cuticle, the approaches of bright‐field light microscopy, wide‐field fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser‐scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were combined. Wing veins were shown to consist of up to six different cuticle layers and a single row of underlying epidermal cells. In wing veins of MBB, the latter are densely packed with light‐scattering spheres, previously shown to produce structural colours in the form of quasiordered arrays. Longitudinal and cross veins differ significantly in relative thickness of exo‐ and endocuticle, with cross veins showing a much thicker exocuticle. The presence of resilin in the unsclerotised endocuticle suggests its contribution to an increased energy storage and material flexibility, thus to the prevention of vein damage. This is especially important in the highly stressed longitudinal veins, which have much lower possibility to yield to applied loads with the aid of vein joints, as the cross veins do. These results may be relevant not only for biologists, but may also contribute to optimise the design of micro‐air vehicles.